Connor C. Wilson: How to attack (and defend) a medieval castle

How to attack (and defend) a medieval castle

Medieval European castles weren’t just for passive defense and withstanding enemy onslaughts; they were symbols of power, private residences, and hubs of governance. Castles regularly served as bases for launching attacks and as a way to control local populations. So, how were these formidable fortresses built? Connor C. Wilson explores how the design of these structures evolved over time. [Directed by Layron DeJarnette, narrated by Jack Cutmore-Scott, music by Salil Bhayani, cAMP Studio].

Medieval castles shaped the landscape of Europe not just as defensive strongholds, but as hubs of authority and ambition. During the 1315 siege of Carlisle Castle, even relentless rain and floating corn husks thwarted attackers, illustrating castles' formidable defenses. These structures evolved from simple wooden towers to intricate stone fortresses, reflecting changing warfare and the shifting fortunes of their builders. Over centuries, castles adapted to new threats until gunpowder and centralization finally ended their military reign.

Medieval Castles Were Weapons, Status Symbols, And Centers Of Power

Medieval castles shaped European history as symbols of authority and as military hubs, not just passive defenses. During Robert the Bruce’s 1315 siege, Carlisle Castle withstood attack thanks to mud, ingenuity, and sheer resilience. Over centuries, castle designs shifted from wooden motte and bailey outposts to formidable stone complexes with layered defenses. As new siege weapons evolved, so did castles—until the rise of gunpowder and changing politics made their military dominance obsolete.